Collier, Simon. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. . [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. [58] In southern Chile and the pampas, the Araucanians (Mapuche) prevented further Spanish expansion. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. God, Gold, and Glory. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. The loss of indigenous population had a direct impact on Spaniards as well, since increasingly they saw those populations as a source of their own wealth, disappearing before their eyes.[57]. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767. Choose the statement (s) that highlights the difference between social movements and other forms of collective behaviors such as fads and fashions. Silver was the bonanza the Spaniards sought. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitln. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States. Illness played a much greater role in the citys downfall than violence. How do we know that? Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Hernn Corts requested Franciscan and Dominican friars be sent to New Spain immediately after the conquest of Tenochtitlan to begin evangelization. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. Princeton University Press, 1984. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMecham1966 (, Burkholder, Mark A. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. Q. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. "La catastrophe dmographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Dressing, J. David. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. The Spaniards persuaded the leaders of Aztec vassals and Tlaxcala (a city-state never conquered by the Aztecs), to ally with them against the Aztecs. [32] With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. Their role in judicial affairs and in overseeing the implementation of royal legislation made their decisions important for the communities they served." This is thought to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the face of the impossibility of the Castilian institutions to take care of the New World affairs, other new institutions were created. House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. Las Casas, Bartolome. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. Posted 4 years ago. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia. [84][85][86][87][88], The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Borah, Woodrow. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. A mixed-race casta population came into being during the colonial era. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain.

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