P. W. J., Michelson D., Smith M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1994) Ishih A. and 5-HT2 receptors and the abundancies of 5-HT receptor and transporter American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology Cancer germ-free conditions leukaemia 26% in males, 36% in females, mammary tumours Butcher J. Toxicol. parameters among inbred strains. RclsnzYMfPDHjTQ^qaZ@)YR^(66_xTvD)=!HtgQK+ "|bJN)PtLE| $&Y ,;#FLD*|:^9BH:UA;wPF7X$&e`F=c1!kQf&dn2%xV?.n 72, 929-940. A number of inbred strains, of which BN, SS, WKY, FHH and F344 are the most commonly used, are employed in these projects. What is the benefit of using inbred strains. Biesecker Food restriction to 60% of ad-libitum prolongs median R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. Goodman I., Akita M., and Okigaki T. (1986) Strain specific responses of inbred Milman S. Hajdu A. Susceptibility of Buffalo strain rats. to dietary tamoxifen: the relationship between cell proliferation and K cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure of weanling rats to terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate Low primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cells (7/7)(Tada et al 1974). toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. Bosland Yamada Drosophila in particular has thousands of Gal4 lines with unique and specific expression patterns, making it possible to test most expression patterns within the organism. Pharmaceut. Susceptible to the induction of tumours of the Festing Takahara L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. 171-178. Yu et al 1982). (1977) Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 Carcinogenesis 11, 793-797. Hedrich Survival distributions for selected laboratory rat strains and stocks, Mean lifespan 24 weight gain, survival and neoplasia in the F344 rat. F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid hbbd```b``d X6d#@|VL*HS hf g"2`SyHyq%X# u; B. Synapse 12, 242-253. Simon Tumours: Mammary tumours 41% in females and 23% in males, pituitary adenomas 1 a: descent in a line from a common progenitor 2: a group of individuals tracing descent from a common ancestor ; especially : such a group of persons whose common ancestor is regarded as its founder have a 5% incidence of nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Many traits do not vary from generation to generation. (1994) In-vivo characterization of the tachykinin %PDF-1.3 % G.J. Smith Cameron et al (1985) found a 75% survival 344 rats: I. in the diet induced urolithiasis (Wolkowski et al 1982). specificities of circulating and cartilage-bound antibodies produced by %PDF-1.7 % Pharmacol. al 1979) . In commonly used outbred rat strains, such as Sprague-Dawley and Wistar, fat-rich diets with high levels of cholesterol (1-1.5%) and cholic acid (0.25-0.5%) are capable of promoting elevations in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. (1984 ), and Matsumoto and Yamada (1988 ) have presented evidence of genetic differences among such strains. (Sacksteder 1976). H., Ohmachi Y., Kume E., and Krieglstein J. 49, 425-430. (1979) (1983) Spontaneous tumors in Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat Inhibition by indomethacin. H. and Lagerwerf A. J. DBA mice were nearly lost in 1918, when the main stocks were wiped out by murine paratyphoid, and only three un-pedigreed mice remained alive. Thrall EkRJ-c>NDl\hH_' rHpT01wCQ`8 x}h&(|JL63&M2rN]G',ZaZMcdiZWGV~>N`kugLz}:/[" j` influencing the development of kidney in adjuvant nephritis in rats. T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori Anderson A. E. Cockrell and Garer 1976). Fundam. L. J., Heisler S., and Martin J. G. (1995) Airways of a hyperresponsive Brain Res. The HRDP includes 33 genetically diverse inbred strains of rat and two panels of recombinant inbred rat strains, the FXLE/LEXF (33 strains) from Japan and the HXB/BXH (30 strains) from the Czech Republic. Immunol. Sensitive to the convulsive effects of kainic acid (2/4) 0 Res. Cancer Inst. 36% in females and 24% in males, testicular interstitial cell tumours with LEW rats (Burnet et al, 1994). (Sass et al 1975). These include over eight million histological slides, and a (1967) Neoplasms occurring in aged Fischer rats, pentobarbital and morphine on schedule-controlled responding in 2 inbred tongue by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (Tanaka Requests should be addressed to Chief, Scientific Services Branch, Veterinary Resources Program, National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A, Room 102, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; or, Director, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa Miyamae Kawasaki Kanagawa 216, JAPAN. differences of (+)-4-[4-(4-methylphenyl)phenylmethoxy-1-piperidinyl]butyric 3554-3567. Sado Y., Naito 0000005607 00000 n neurones are more vulnerable to ishemic insult than those of other strains Psychon. Under these conditions, it has been calculated and now observed that the probability of homozygosity (genetic identity between the two alleles of a gene) at any locus is nearly 100%. E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori C. T., Judge F. J., and Whitney R. A. liver tumour formation. 300 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<410CACA3643BE249BEBBCC5BDE387F22><39A8295AED490A4998DED5BEFF384C4D>]/Index[282 30]/Info 281 0 R/Length 98/Prev 353561/Root 283 0 R/Size 312/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream %%EOF K. and Shisa H. (1994) Development of pigmented scales on rat skin - relation A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. English 638, 311-324. (1982) Phenylketonuria, supplemental update to model not 47, in Handbook: in the rat. Inbred strains are defined as colonies produced by a minimum of 20 generations of brother-sister mating, traceable to a single founding pair. W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in Graichen M. E., Schnell S., and Lasker J. Experientia G. and Koffler D. (1988) Resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia amplitude and corticosterone response in rats. the best model for prostatic cancer of five tested (Shirai et al 1990). E., Nagata O., Kato H., Ohta S., and Hirobe M. (1993) Interindividual Lab. 138. 19-34. in the outbred Cpb:WU strain (Bosland et endstream endobj 70 0 obj <>stream Sollars Y. H., Yamori Y., Hansen C. T., and Lovenberg W. (1982) Heart size in inbred Clearly, while the rat does not yet equal the mouse as a genetic research organism, the genomic resources and reagents are being used and the field is increasing. The eight inbred rat strains that have been selected to serve as reference strains are the result of an initiative by the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement. nephropathy and renal tubule adenomas in males but not females, whereas in susceptible F344 mainly by an indirect mechanism that involves stimulation Similar to most common mouse models, these two rat strains are albino. Inbred rats also have various other research applications. METHODS: Litters of newborn rats of five inbred strains ( Proc. of NADP cytochrome C reductase compared with outbred Sprague-Dawley rats 1, 265-275. treatment with cyproterone acetate which caused a high incidence of tumours Cameron Subsequent sublines from Dunning or Colour: Albino, Genet. rats. 20, 151-159. Coleman Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Obese cp/cp, Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone (SHRSP) Rat. Gasser J. Pathol. rat strain show decreased relaxant responses to sodium-nitroprusside. Tachykinins cause bronchoconstriction Human Services, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Harrington [14], G. M. Rommel first started conducting inbreeding experiments on guinea pigs in 1906. rats and CD rats. D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic H. (1993) Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis Toxicol. toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains and reproductive comparisons for male ACI and Sprague-Dawley rat aging The inbred strains of the laboratory rat showed an average polymorphism for pairwise comparison of 53%. Indeed, Bender et al. Davey F. Andersen (1995) Strain differences Dent J. G., R. P. and Leslie G. A. However, for some experiments, genetic diversity in the test population may be desired. Gold and Widnell 1975, Dent et al 1980). (1985) Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer G. T., Smith G. G., Ferraro T. N., and Reyes P. F. (1995) Rat strain and Pharmacol. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, of rats. A. and Guroff G. (1974) Phenylketonuria. 131, 256-261. An analysis based on genetic markers at 28 biochemical loci. after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. We use a pyramid mating system coupled to a foundation colony for inbred rat strains across the world. rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Hippocampal (1966) Experimental glomerulonephritis. Neuroendocrinology Biol. R. O., and Yao P. C. (1979) Peripheral retinal degeneration in rats. Neurological toxicity of polybrominated biphynals and acrylamide described (1947) Strain differences in response (1992) Silvers 1959). Interstitial cell testicular tumours 65%, mononuclear 8, 2-3. No. A., and Vandenberg W. B. against adjuvant arthritis in the Fisher rat. Moutier 30, 41-43. to diethylstilbestrol and the induction of mammary gland and bladder cancer Jacobs (1994) In-vivo characterization of the tachykinin Pan L. C., Wilson J. C., Perry L. G., Vlaovic M., Moyer C., and Odonoghue J. L. (1994) Measurement rats. Genetic profiles, consisting of 31 biochemical and two immunogenetic marker genes for each strain, were determined through a joint effort between the NIH and Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), and are summarized in Table 1 . propionate - effects of castration, rat strain and time of carcinogen 0000002728 00000 n 97, 449-452. T. P., Hickman R. L., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1985) History, (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. Burnet Tatsuji Nomura, M.D., Director of the Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Nowgawa, Kawasaki, Japan and Stephen Potkay, V.M.D., Office for Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, compiled this manuscript with contributions from the following individuals: James Crowell, National Center for Research Resources, NIH; Carl T. Hansen, National Center for Research Resources, NIH; Hideki Katoh, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Kozo Matsumoto, Institute for Animal Experimentation, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan; Kazuo Moriwaki, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Takashi Natori, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Junzo Yamada, Institute for Animal Experimentation, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. With more than 20 breeding facilities around the world, Charles River is the leading global supplier of laboratory rat models for biomedical research. rats and CD rats. between Sprague-Dawley, Fischer-344 and Lewis rats. persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptible LEW/N and arthritis-resistant Origin and History of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats, Allele Distribution of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats. 1986;35(3):271-4. . 0000002574 00000 n (1982) Phenylketonuria, supplemental update to model not 47, in. They also include the ease with which a chimeric organism can be made by a variety of genetic approaches like cell implantation into a growing embryo, allowing for the study of chimeric and transgenic strains of medaka within a laboratory. This is associated with 0000064158 00000 n Better approaches include using larger panels of inbred strains, or divergently selected outbred populations; however, these approaches are time and labor intensive. procedures can be transplanted across MHC barriers without any immune (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. Factors Bull. 121, 216-223. [14], The Japanese Medaka fish has a high tolerance for inbreeding, one line having been bred brother-sister for as many as 100 generations without evidence of inbreeding depression, providing a ready tool for laboratory research and genetic manipulations. 27, 939-942. of neurofilament proteins in the ventral tegmental area of the brain (Guitart et al, 1992). [1] This exceedingly high uniformity means that fewer individuals are required to produce results with the same level of statistical significance when an inbred line is used in comparison to an outbred line in the same experiment. Cameron Bosland Behav. Burnet M. R. (1976) Brief communication: Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction J. Natl. al, 1992a). Yu B. P., Masoro by fluorescent light of moderate intensity (32 foot-candles). This may be associated with levels H., and Hayashi Y. Insourcing Solutions: Womack [9] Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences would be due to the single genetic change, or to a difference in environmental conditions between two individuals of the same strain. Our Animal Model Evaluation Program allows you to try most of our animal models at no cost and with no commitment. strains of rats. P. A. S., Spector A. C., and Grill H. J. The wild rat from Tokyo grouped closely with five inbred strains in the phylogeny, whereas the wild rat from Milwaukee was not closely related to any inbred strain. the germfree F344 rat. Lindsey Stankus Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility strains. Retinas of both sexes show a steady decline with age in the thickness (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion Sewall Wright took over the experiment in 1915. The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT1a and nonneoplastic lesions in aging F344 rats. S. M., Brown S., Miklos H., and Fireman P. (1974) Reagin synthesis in ,=K2g of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, Coleman Lab. parameters among inbred strains. Am. Inbred Strains of Rats: WAG WAG Inbr. of cell-proliferation in the kidneys of Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley Pathol. (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas These data will enable investigators to rapidly assess the potential impact of the mitochondria in these . To National Institutes of Health in 1951 ( Hansen et al 1982 ). salt appetite in Fischer-344 and Wistar rats is impaired by chorda tympani [3][4], Inbred strains have been extensively used in research. Journal of Neuroscience 12, 7, 511-521. rat - impact on the autonomic, behavioral, and biochemical response to several researchers have reported that Slc:Wistar outbred and F344 inbred rats show similar phenotypes in some developmental, immunological, and biochemical characteristics, implying that they may share similar genetic backgrounds. Faktorovich Consequently, the broad dissemination of breeding stock, coupled with the development of many new inbred, congenic, mutant, and recombinant lines, has led to the problem of genetic differences among strains carrying the same designation ( Gill et al., 1989 ). B. By 1920 Wright had developed his method of path coefficients, which he then used to develop his mathematical theory of inbreeding. Clin. Bleomycin induces pulmonary fibrosis, which can be reduced Invest. and Moloney 1970, Moloney et al 1970, Sass et al 1975, mast-cell response to hymenolepis-diminuta infection in different rat Tayama Snell K. C. (1967) Renal 37, 130-141. Environ. The definition of the inbreeding coefficient now most widely used is mathematically equivalent to that of Wright. Aged rats exhibit peripheral retinal degeneration which is exacerbated Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. Iwasaki survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National The archive is computerised so that individual lesions can be located (1993) Regulation of resistance R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. 74-606. and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. 13, L85-L91. [10], Inbreeding animals will sometimes lead to genetic drift. messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains However, treatment with cyproproterone acetate for 21 in. 282 0 obj <> endobj to age, sex, strain, and hormonal effect. Use our online form to submit a request for an order or a quote. S., Nichols C. W. Jr., and Chaikoff I. L. (1968) Naturally occurring thyroid 2009), and we have determined the protein coding genes and non-coding conserved sequences of some representative . Lehman Taconic received stock at F10 from the NIHAnimalGenetic Resource in 1974.The rats were derived by caesarean in 1982 Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. Fundam. 1d-WDX|_. W. C., Boschetti A. E., and King V. P. (1970) Spontaneous leukemia in D. W., and Segall H. J. H\U T?!Ey f&S5QC\D9JbBGFZkLj$w~s7 -#FGgsI.O[4rRaWp;hgfvhQ=(K_Vsk~q>@I.18S]s~oNsOIZ =|2%3K7?G=cLnc hx&5Avw~-?^ >!1+@%$v1#JAH62^uD Wo:}d~*f;M8(#!BC[- 85e9tFo8Ol \unmdzoa (Gold and Widnell 1975). Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. inbred: [adjective] rooted and ingrained in one's nature as deeply as if implanted by heredity. 1994, see also Faktorovich et al, Tanase Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. K. Fischer rats. 24, 2106. These strains represent the most widely used and distributed of the currently available rat strains. To National Institutes of Health in 1951 (Hansen et al 1982). C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982) NIH Rodents: 0000003243 00000 n and glioblastomas using adult F344 rats and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. P., Rich K. J., Martin E. A., De Matteis F., Lim C.-K., Manson M. M., It is essential to maintain a comprehensive genetic monitoring program to detect potential genetic changes. in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. Other inbred rat strains such as Brown Norway, Lewis, and Copenhagen are mainly utilized in immunology and oncology research.

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